| Scandium - Sc
CAS: 7440-20-2 Description: Soft, silvery-white metal Classification: Transition Metal Date of Discovery: 1879 Discoverer: Lars Nilson Name Origin: Latin Scandia, "Scandinavia" |
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Atomic Number: 21
Number of Neutrons: 24 Atomic Mass: 44.955910(9) amu Melting Point: 1541 °C Boiling Point: 2836 °C Density (293 K): 2.989 g/cm3 Atomic volume: 15.0 cm3/mol Electrical resistivity: 0.0177 10-6/cm 
Thermal conductivity: 0.158 W/cmK Enthalpy of atomization: 343 kJ/mol (est.) Enthalpy of vaporization: 314.20 kJ/mol Enthalpy of fusion: 14.10 kJ/mol Specific heat capacity: 0.6 J/gK |
Energy levels: 2-8-9-2
Electron configuration: [Ar]3d14s2 Crystal Structure: Hexagonal Atomic radius: 2.09 Å Covalent radius: 1.44 Å Oxidation States: +3 Electronegativity, Pauling: 1.36 Electron affinity: 0.188 eV First ionization energy: 6.54 eV 2nd ionization energy: 12.80 eV 3rd ionization energy: 24.76 eV Polarizability: 17.8 10-24cm3 |
| Isotope | Natural Abundance | Atomic Mass | Half-life | Decay Mode | Spin |
| 40Sc | 39.977964 | 0.182 s |  + |
4- | |
| 41Sc | 40.96925213 | 0.596 s | + |
7/2- | |
| 42mSc | 61.6 s | + |
7+ | ||
| 42Sc | 41.9655168 | 0.682 s | + |
0+ | |
| 43Sc | 42.961151 | 3.89 h | +, EC |
7/2- | |
| 44mSc | 2.44 d | IT; EC | 6+ | ||
| 44Sc | 43.959403 | 3.93 h | +, EC |
2+ | |
| 45Sc | 100. | 45.955910 | Stable | 7/2- | |
| 46mSc | 18.7 s | IT | 1- | ||
| 46Sc | 45.955170 | 83.81 d | - |
4+ | |
| 47Sc | 46.952408 | 3.349 d | - |
7/2- | |
| 48Sc | 47.952235 | 43.7 h | - |
6+ | |
| 49Sc | 48.950024 | 57.3 m | - |
7/2- | |
| 50Sc | 49.95219 | 1.71 m | - |
(5+) | |
| 51Sc | 50.95360 | 12.4 s | - |
7/2- | |
| 52Sc | 51.9566 | 8.2 s | - |
(3+) | |
| 53Sc | 52.9584 | - |
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| 54Sc | 53.9635 | - |
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| 55Sc | 54.969 | - |
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On the basis of the Periodic System, Mendeleev predicted the existence of ekaboron, which would have an atomic weight betwen 40 of calcium and 48 of titanium. The element was discovered by Nilson in 1878 in the minerals euxenite and gadolinite, which had not yet been found anywhere except in Scandinavia. By processing 10 kg of euxenite and other residues of rare-earth minerals, Nilson was able to prepare about 2 g of scandium oxide of high purity. It was later pointed out that Nilson's scandium was identical with Mendeleev's ekaboron. Scandium is apparently a much more abundant element in the sun and certain stars than here on earth. It is about the 23rd most abundant element in the sun, compared to the 50th most abundant on earth. It is widely distributed on earth,
occurring in very minute quantities in over 800 mineral species. The blue color of
beryl (aquamarine variety) is said to be due to scandium. It occurs as a principal
component in the rare mineral thortveitite [(Sc,Y)2Si2O2], found in Scandinavia and Malagasy. It is also found in the residues remaining after the extraction of tungsten from Zinnwald wolframite, and in wiikite and bazzite [Be3(Sc,Al)2Si6O18]. Most scandium is presently being recovered from thortveitite or is extracted as a by-product from uranium mill tailings. Metallic scandium was first prepared in 1937 by Fischer, Brunger, and Grienelaus who electrolyzed a eutectic melt of potassium, lithium, and scandium chlorides at 700 to 800 °C. Tungsten wire and a pool of molten zinc served as the electrodes in a graphite crucible. Pure scandium is now produced by reducing scandium fluoride with calcium metal. The production of the first pound of 99% pure scandium metal was announced in 1960. Scandium is a silver-white metal which develops a slightly yellowish or pinkish cast upon exposure to air. It is relatively soft, and resembles yttrium and the rare-earth metals more than it resembles aluminum or titanium. It is a very light metal and has a much higher melting point than aluminum, making it of interest to designers of spacecraft. Scandium is not attacked by a 1:1 mixture of HNO3 and 48% HF. About 20 kg of scandium (as Sc2O3) are now being used yearly in the U.S. to produce high-intensity lights, and the radioactive isotope 46Sc is used as a tracing agent in refinery crackers for crude oil, etc. Scandium iodide added to mercury vapor lamps produces a highly efficient light source resembling sunlight, which is imporant for indoor or night-time color TV. Little is yet known about the toxicity of scandium; therefore it should be handled with care.
LINKS: Hempster's Scandium Shrine Mineral Species containing the element scandium Scandium bats by Ashurst and Easton Scandium in Aluminum Alloys Return
Sources for the information on this website include: Lide, David R., ed. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 78th Ed., 1997-1998. |
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