| Nickel - Ni
CAS: 7440-02-0 Description: White metal Classification: Transition Metal Date of Discovery: 1751 Discoverer: Alex Cronstedt Name Origin: German Nickel, "Satan" and kupfernickel, "Old Nick's copper" |
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Atomic Number: 28
Number of Neutrons: 31 Atomic Mass: 58.6934(2) amu Melting Point: 1455 °C Boiling Point: 2913 °C Density (293 K): 8.902 g/cm3 Atomic volume: 6.59 cm3/mol Electrical resistivity: 0.143 10-6/cm 
Thermal conductivity: 0.907 W/cmK Enthalpy of atomization: 422.57 kJ/mol Enthalpy of vaporization: 370.40 kJ/mol Enthalpy of fusion: 17.470 kJ/mol Specific heat capacity: 0.44 J/gK |
Energy levels: 2-8-16-2
Electron configuration: [Ar]3d84s2 Crystal Structure: Cubic face centered Atomic radius: 1.62 Å Covalent radius: 1.15 Å Oxidation States: 0, +1, +2,+3 Electronegativity, Pauling: 1.91 Electron affinity: 1.156 eV First ionization energy: 7.635 eV 2nd ionization energy: 18.168 eV 3rd ionization energy: 35.17 eV Polarizability: 6.8 10-24cm3 |
| Isotope | Natural Abundance | Atomic Mass | Half-life | Decay Mode | Spin |
| 51Ni | 50.9877 |  + |
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| 52Ni | 51.9757 | + |
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| 53Ni | 52.9685 | 0.05 s | + |
7/2- | |
| 54Ni | 53.95791 | + |
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| 55Ni | 54.95134 | 0.20 s | + |
7/2- | |
| 56Ni | 55.94214 | 6.08 d | EC | 0+ | |
| 57Ni | 56.939800 | 35.6 h | +; EC |
3/2- | |
| 58Ni | 68.077(9) | 57.935348 | Stable | 0+ | |
| 59Ni | 58.934351 |  7.6 x 104 y |
EC | 3/2- | |
| 60Ni | 26.223(8) | 59.930790 | Stable | 0+ | |
| 61Ni | 1.140(1) | 60.931060 | Stable | 3/2- | |
| 62Ni | 3.634(2) | 61.928348 | Stable | 0+ | |
| 63Ni | 62.929673 | 100. y | - |
1/2- | |
| 64Ni | 0.926(1) | 63.927969 | Stable | 0+ | |
| 65Ni | 64.930088 | 2.517 h | - |
5/2- | |
| 66Ni | 65.92912 | 54.6 h | - |
0+ | |
| 67Ni | 66.93157 | 21 s | - |
1/2- | |
| 68Ni | 67.93185 | 19 s | - |
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| 69Ni | 68.9352 | 10 s | - |
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| 70Ni | 69.9361 | - |
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| 71Ni | 70.9400 | 1.9 s | - |
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| 72Ni | 71.9413 | 2.1 s | - |
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| 73Ni | 72.946 | 0.9 s | - |
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| 74Ni | 73.948 | 1.1 s | - |
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Discovered by Cronstedt in 1751 in kupfernickel (niccolite). Nickel is found as a
constitutent in most meterorites and often serves as one of the criteria for
distinguishing a meteorite from other minerals. Iron meteorites, or siderites, may
contain iron alloyed with from 5 to nearly 20% nickel. Nickel is obtained
commercially from pentlandite [(Ni,Fe)9S8] and pyrrhotite of the Sudbury region of Ontario, a district that produces much of the world's nickel. Other deposits are found in New Caledonia, Australia, Cuba, Indonesia, and elsewhere. Nickel is silvery white and takes on a high polish. It is hard, malleable, ductile, somewhat ferromagnetic, and a fair conductor of heat and electricity. It belongs to the iron-cobalt group of metals and is chiefly valuable for the alloys it forms. It is extensively used for making stainless steel and other corrrosion-resistant alloys such
as Invar®, Monel®, Inconel®, and the Hastelloys®. Tubing made of
copper-nickel alloy is extensively used in making desalination plants for converting
sea water into fresh water. Nickel is also now used extensively in coinage and in
making nickel steel for armor plate and burglar-proof vaults, and is a component in
Nichrome®, Permalloy®, and constantan. Nickel added to glass gives a green
color. Nickel plating is often used to provide a protective coating for other metals,
and finely divided nickel is a catalyst for hydrogenating vegetable oils. It is also used in ceramics, in the manufacture of Alnico magnets, and in the Edison® storage
battery. The sulfate and the oxides are important compounds. Natural nickel is a
mixture of five stable isotopes; nineteen other unstable isotopes are known. Nickel sulfide fume and dust is recognized as having carcinogenic potential.
LINKS: Marine Appplications of Copper-Nickle Alloys Nickel allergy Nickel Development Institute Nickel exposure Nickel Hydride batteries The Nickel Page On Nickel Recycling Nickel-Cadmium Batteries Return
Sources for the information on this website include: Lide, David R., ed. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 78th Ed., 1997-1998. |
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