Antimony

Antimony

CAS: 7440-36-0
Description: Hard, brittle, bluish-white metal
Classification: Metalloid
Date of Discovery: Known to the ancients
Discoverer: Unknown
Name Origin: Greek anti and monos, "not found alone"
Symbol Origin: Greek stimmi or stibi, and Latin stibium; "antimony"

Atomic Number: 51
Number of Neutrons: 71
Atomic Mass: 121.76 amu
Melting Point: 630.0 °C
Boiling Point: 1750.0 °C
Density (293 K): 6.684 g/cm³
Atomic volume: 18.23 cm³/mol
Electrical resistivity:0.0288 10^-6/cm

Thermal conductivity: 0.243 W/cmK
Enthalpy of atomization: 263.59 kJ/mol
Enthalpy of vaporization: 77.140 kJ/mol
Enthalpy of fusion: 19.870 kJ/mol
Specific heat capacity: 0.21 J/gK

Energy levels: 2-8-18-18-5
Electron configuration: [Kr]4d¹⁰5s²5p³
Crystal Structure: Rhombohedral
Atomic radius: 1.53 Å
Covalent radius: 1.40 Å
Oxidation States: -3, 0, +3, +5
Electronegativity, Pauling: 2.05
Electron affinity: 1.046 eV
First ionization energy: 8.641 eV
2nd ionization energy: 16.53 eV
3rd ionization energy: 25.30 eV
Polarizability: 6.6 10^-24cm³

Isotope	Natural Abundance	Atomic Mass	Half-life	Decay Mode	Spin
¹⁰⁶Sb	105.9282	⁺
¹⁰⁷Sb	106.9242	⁺
¹⁰⁸Sb	107.9222	7.0 s	⁺
¹⁰⁹Sb	108.91814	17 s	⁺; EC	5/2+
¹¹⁰Sb	109.9175	24 s	⁺; EC	3+
¹¹¹Sb	110.91254	1.25 m	⁺; EC	5/2+
¹¹²Sb	111.91240	51.4 s	⁺; EC	3+
¹¹³Sb	112.90937	6.7 m	⁺; EC	5/2+
¹¹⁴Sb	113.9091	3.49 m	⁺; EC	3+
¹¹⁵Sb	114.90660	32.1 m	⁺; EC	5/2-
^116mSb	1.00 h	⁺; EC	8-
¹¹⁶Sb	115.90680	16 m	⁺; EC	3+
¹¹⁷Sb	116.90484	2.80 h	⁺; EC	5/2+
^118mSb	5.00 h	EC	8-
¹¹⁸Sb	117.905533	3.6 m	⁺; EC	1+
¹¹⁹Sb	118.90395	38.1 h	EC	5/2+
^120mSb	5.76 d	EC	8-
¹²⁰Sb	119.90508	15.89 m	⁺; EC	1+
¹²¹Sb	57.21(5)	120.903822	Stable	5/2+
^122mSb	4.19 m	IT	8-
¹²²Sb	121.90518	2.72 d	^-; ⁺	2-
¹²³Sb	42.79(5)	122.904216	Stable	7/2+
^124m2Sb	20.3 m	IT	8-
^124m1Sb	1.6 m	IT	5+
¹²⁴Sb	123.905938	60.20 d	^-	3-
¹²⁵Sb	124.905247	2.758 y	^-	7/2+
^126m2Sb	11 s	IT	3-
^126m1Sb	19.0 m	^-; IT	5+
¹²⁶Sb	125.90725	12.4 d	^-	8-
¹²⁷Sb	126.906914	3.84 d	^-	7/2+
^128mSb	10.1 m	^-; IT	5+
¹²⁸Sb	127.90917	9.1 h	^-	8-
^129mSb	17.7 m	^-
¹²⁹Sb	128.90915	4.40 h	^-	7/2-
^130mSb	6.5 m	^-
¹³⁰Sb	129.91155	38.4 m	^-	8-
¹³¹Sb	130.9120	23.0 m	^-	7/2+
^132mSb	2.8 m	^-	4+
¹³²Sb	131.91420	4.2 m	^-	8-
¹³³Sb	132.9152	2.5 m	^-	7/2+
¹³⁴Sb	10.4 s	^-	7-
¹³⁴Sb	133.9206	0.8 s	^-	0-
¹³⁵Sb	134.9252	1.71 s	^-	7/2+
¹³⁶Sb	135.9301	0.82 s	^-
Antimony was recognized in compounds by the ancients and was known as a metal at the beginning of the 17th century and possibly much earlier. It is not abundant, but is found in over 100 mineral species. It is sometimes found native, but more frequently as the sulfide, stibnite (Sb₂S₃); it is also found as antimonides of the heavy metals, and as oxides such as valentinite (Sb₂O₃). It is extracted from the sulfide by roasting to the oxide, which is reduced by salt and scrap iron; from its oxides it is also prepared by reduction with carbon. Two allotropic forms of antimony exist: the normal stable, metallic form, and the amorphous gray form. The so-called explosive antimony is an ill-defined material always containing an appreciable amount of halogen; therefore, it no longer warrants consideration as a separate allotrope. The yellow form, obtained by oxidation of stibine, SbH₃, is probably impure, and is not a distinct form. Natural antimony is made of two stable isotopes, ¹²¹Sb and ¹²³Sb. Forty-four other radioactive isotopes and isomers are now recognized. Metallic antimony is an extremely brittle metal of a flaky, crystalline texture. It is bluish white and has a metallic luster. It is not acted on by air at room temperature, but burns brilliantly when heated with the formation of white fumes of Sb₂O₃. It is a poor conductor of heat and electricity, and has a hardness of 3 to 3.5. Antimony, available commercially with a purity of 99.999 + %, is finding use in semiconductor technology for making infrared detectors, diodes, and Hall-effect devices. Commercial-grade antimony is widely used in alloys with percentages ranging from 1 to 20. It greatly increases the hardness and mechanical strength of lead. Batteries, antifriction alloys, type metal, small arms and tracer bullets, cable sheathing, and minor products use about half the metal produced. Compounds taking up the other half are oxides, sulfides, sodium antimonate, and antimony trichloride. These are used in manufacturing flame-proofing compounds, paints, ceramic enamels, glass, and pottery. Tartar emetic (hydrated potassium antimonyl tartate) has been used in medicine. Antimony and many of its compounds are toxic. LINKS: AMM Online - Antimony Profile Antimony: ATSDR Fact Sheet Antimony Bronze in Archaeology Minerals Containing Antimony "Tincture and Oil of Antimony, The" - Roger Bacon (1731) USGS Minerals Information: Antimony Return Sources for the information on this website include: Lide, David R., ed. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 78th Ed., 1997-1998.

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